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Limelight, 20 May, 2022 |
by Jansson J. Antmann |
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The Kaufmann Effect
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Jonas Kaufmann discusses playing Lohengrin, losing himself in a
part, and how to sing pianissimo for sustained periods.
Jonas Kaufmann is currently in Melbourne performing Lohengrin – a role he
debuted in at the Bayerische Staatsoper in 2009. This is the first
opportunity Australian audiences have had to see the world’s most celebrated
tenor in a fully staged opera, and they showed their appreciation on opening
night in a rapturous standing ovation. The critics were similarly impressed,
with Limelight giving it four-and-a-half stars. To see Kaufmann perform live
is an unforgettable experience, but to hear him sing while seated next to
him is an even rarer privilege. That is precisely what happened when
Limelight met Kaufmann two days after the premiere.
Lohengrin is one
of two productions in Opera Australia’s repertoire to have been directed by
Olivier Py. The other is La Juive, which opened earlier this year in Sydney.
Anyone who saw both productions would have noticed how they bookend World
War II, with La Juive foreseeing the oncoming Holocaust, while Lohengrin is
set in the post-war ruins of Albert Speer’s Germania, decorated with icons
of German Romanticism and the occasional nod to Leni Riefenstahl’s 1938 film
Olympia.
Kaufmann has worked with Py before and recognises the
director’s penchant for works that combine a certain naïveté with much
darker ideas.
“At the beginning of Act 3, there is a wall with
symbols of German culture from the past. In the centre there is an alarm
clock that shows five minutes past twelve. I wanted to reset it to five
minutes before midnight, but then it was explained to me that this is Zero
Hour in 1945.”
Has there ever been a point where the Regietheater has
encroached on his ability to perform as he would like?
“Over the
years I’ve developed an instinct for what works and what doesn’t. However, I
wouldn’t say I’m capable of seeing the full picture of a production, and it
would be a tough decision to say something isn’t going to work. I think it
would also be wrong to just say, ‘no’, without finding an alternative.”
Kaufmann says he likes productions that maintain an air of mystery and
avoid what he considers obsessive attempts at distracting the audience with
onstage activity when there is a lull in the music.
“That was not the
case here, and I was very happy with that. The music could actually work its
magic … and there is a lot of that in Lohengrin.”
Lohengrin is
considered by many to be Kaufmann’s signature role. Does he believe he will
ever master it? The lyric tenor Fritz Wunderlich once said that after six
years in a role, he was only halfway to performing it as he ideally would
have liked.
“I totally understand what he meant,” Kaufmann replies.
“When you’re not experienced enough, and you haven’t mastered your
instrument, you cannot fully focus on the interpretation of a role. There
are so many other things you have to think about.”
“It would be
dangerous to reach a point where you say, ‘This is it’. If you do, you
probably shouldn’t touch the part again,” he adds.
If one does,
Kaufmann believes it will lead to frustration as one attempts to reach that
same point of perfection time and again.
“Take Lohengrin, for
instance. It felt much easier this time. I hadn’t sung the role since 2017
at the Opéra national de Paris. That was stressful, because it was my first
time back on stage after a five-month pause, and that production kept me
very busy. Since then I’ve also sung other parts like Otello and Tristan, so
Lohengrin felt comparatively easier. When I originally took on the role in
2009, it seemed like a very, very long part. Now I know what to expect after
I get through Acts 1 and 2. It’s all a warm-up exercise for what comes next,
and it doesn’t feel long at all. The more I relax, the easier the task
seems, and I can concentrate on all the things I want to achieve in my
interpretation of the role, especially towards the end of the opera.”
Has Kaufmann ever lost himself in a part?
“Yes, I think it
happened to me in François Girard’s production of Parsifal at the Met in
2013. It felt as if I’d come to the end of the opera, and I couldn’t
remember what had happened. I was so soaked up by the story that I didn’t
remember any of it. Time passed by and it was suddenly over. Interestingly,
many people in the audience had the same experience and they said, ‘Was that
really five hours? It felt like 35 minutes!’ That’s really saying something
about Parsifal, because usually you get the opposite reaction. And while I
liked the conductor Daniele Gatti’s interpretation, it certainly wasn’t the
fastest. There can be a 35-minute difference between the fastest and slowest
first act alone, ranging from a little under an hour, up to an hour and 33
minutes.”
Lohengrin is of course born of Parsifal. Has Kaufmann’s
interpretation of either role been coloured by having performed both father
and son?
“Are they though?” he teases. “That’s a question for
Wagnerians to answer, because I’ve come across people who say it might be
the same Grail, and it might be the same Brotherhood, but they certainly
aren’t father and son. Perhaps it’s because Parzifal is spelt with a ‘z’ in
Lohengrin. Maybe Wagner didn’t know how he was going to title his final
opera. However, I do think having played both roles makes a difference. As
soon as you mention the Grail, your head is immediately filled with all
those images and all that music.”
In these Melbourne performances of
Lohengrin, Kaufmann is keen to explore the way he believes Wagner undercut
the heroism of the role, and he takes exception to the character’s treatment
of Elsa.
“I used to think of Lohengrin as a superhero in shining
armour, who ended up being betrayed by his wife. However, as I continued
studying the part, I realised it’s not true. In Act 1, he plays that kind of
character, but what he says and does to Elsa in Act 3 is such an insult.
There she is hinting at a sexual relationship when she sings, “Da wollte ich
vor deinem Blick zerfließen, gleich einem Bach umwinden deinen Schritt”, and
he also tends rather heavily toward the physical in that duet. However,
Elsa’s not ready to go to bed with a guy whose name she doesn’t even know!
Therefore, I found it even more obvious that he is frustrated by his
failure, since it’s through a mistake of his own making.”
Kaufmann
continues, “What I do is strictly based on the words and music. Even
Lohengrin’s entrance is that of the antihero. He arrives in glory to an
endless: Sei gegrüsst, Sei gegrüsst, Sei gegrüsst … du gottgesandter Mann!
and then the music falls apart as he kneels down to the swan and sings, ‘Nun
sei bedankt, mein lieber Schwan!’ What does it mean? Why would Wagner put
that in? You would expect the first words Lohengrin sings to be, ‘Heil,
König Heinrich!’, as he does later. The Tale of the Grail: In fernem Land
and the farewell to the swan in Act 3 are also incredibly heartfelt, tender
and fragile. That’s how it’s written.”
Noting that Wagner clearly
intended the orchestra to play pianissimo, Kaufmann says he began to
question whether the composer wanted Lohengrin to be portrayed as a
straightforward hero at all. In his efforts to accentuate this, he found an
ally in conductor Tahu Matheson.
“I’d never worked with Tahu, and I
have to say I was curious how it would work out. He’s done a great job with
the orchestra and he really studied the opera inside out. He was very happy
for me to insist on all those super pianos and I’m sure the orchestra had
never played that softly before.”
Singing pianissimo for long
sustained periods has become a trademark of Kaufmann, and it is impossible
to resist the temptation to ask how he achieves such an extraordinary sound.
“It’s not easy to describe,” Kaufmann says at first. “First of all, you
still need the full capability of your instrument when you reach that point,
and not be on the edge of losing it. Relaxation is probably the key word.
Over the years, I’ve learnt that singers, including me, often try to produce
sound through compression, pressure and force. That doesn’t work.”
“Singing softly really means maintaining the airflow and using the slightest
edges of your vocal cords. It took me a long time to learn. I’d always
somehow inhaled my piano and exhaled for the heavy singing.”
Kaufmann
demonstrates with a powerful “HA!”.
“To sing softly, I would try to
hold everything back, but you really need to do the opposite and let the air
out. On that airflow, you then have this tiny little pin drop that carries
out everywhere.”
He leans forward and holds his hand out, his fingers
fluttering in the air. With his other hand he gestures as if to suggest a
droplet falling into a rushing stream.
“That’s how I realised the
softest sound can carry, and obviously you need an orchestra willing to
really go down all the way.”
For a moment it feels like Kaufmann is
giving a masterclass. Having seen him perform on Saturday night from the
back of the stalls, there is no denying his technique works, with his voice
gently whispering in everyone’s ear.
It is little wonder his
colleagues want to know how he does it, and Kaufmann reveals he’s been
sharing his technique with them. The results can be heard for themselves and
Melbourne audiences are fortunate to have two more opportunities to
experience the Kaufmann effect before the season ends.
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